HISTORY OF MENTAL HEALTH NURSING IN INDONESIA
It is estimated that 2-3% of Indonesia's population suffer from severe mental disorders. If half of them requiring hospital treatment and if the Indonesian population numbered 120 people this means that 120 thousand people with severe mental disorders requiring hospital treatment. And that is now only about 10,000 beds.
In Indonesia has always been known as a mental disorder, for example in the story and the Ramayana Mahabrata known of "Srikandi Edan", "Gatotkaca Gandrung" . How people with mental disorders are treated in ancient times in Indonesia is not clearly known. When several actions against mental patients is now considered a legacy from our ancestors, we can imagine how little would be at least part of the number of people with mental disorders were treated in ancient times. The action in question is put in the stocks, chained, or tied and then placed itself at home or in the woods (if the nature of severe disruption and endanger his soul). If not dangerous, let loose in the village looking for food and a public spectacle, sometimes even treated as a sick man, Mbah wali or medium (an intermediary between spirits and humans).
1. Colonial Era
Before Psychiatric Hospital in Indonesia, the mental disorder accommodated in civilian hospitals or military hospitals in Jakarta, Semarang, and Surabaya. Which accommodated most severe mental patients. It turned out that the hospital provided was not enough. In 1862 the Dutch East Indies government held a census of people with mental disorders in P. Java and Madura outcome approximately 600 people with mental disorders in P. Java and Madura, another 200 people in other areas. Such circumstances to the authorities at that time there was enough reason to build a Psychiatric Hospital. So on 1 July 1882, built the first mental hospital in Bogor, and then successive asylum Lawang (23 June 1902), RSJ Magelang (1923), and asylum Sabang (1927). This hospital is classified as asylum, including large hospitals and accommodate people with chronic mental disorders that require long treatment.
Dutch East Indies government recognize 4 types of psychiatric care :
Psychiatric Hospital (kranzinnigengestichten)
In Bogor, Magelang, and Sabang, asylum and hold full, so the accumulation of patients in the hospital while, the prisoners while the police and prisons. Then constructed "annexinrichtingen" at the Psychiatric Hospital as the existing Semplak (Bogor) in 1931 and pasuruan (near Lawang) in 1932.
While RS (Doorgangshuizen)
Temporary shelters for an acute psychotic patients, discharged after recovery, the need for longer treatment sent to the Psychiatric Hospital which was established in Jakarta, Semarang, Surabaya, Medan, Makassar, Palembang, Bali, Padang, Banjarmasin and Manado.
Care homes (veerplegtehuiizen)
Serves as a Psychiatric Hospital, but headed by a registered nurse under the supervision of a general practitioner.
Colonies
The relocation of psychiatric patients had calmed down, patients can work in agriculture and the population living in the house, given the host kos money, and still be under surveillance.
Such houses are built far from the city and the general public. Treatment is the isolation and preservation (Custodial care). Basic theory (which now no longer held):
a) Patients should be out of the house and the environment that caused him pain, and therefore must be treated in a quiet place so familiar with the hospital atmosphere.
b) Avoiding the stigma (which is not good seal)
Today, the government has only 1 type of psychiatric hospital which the government hospital, for junior fashion simplify and strengthen the organizational structure and simultaneously remove the discrimination orientation services.
There is also a trend to build a hospital that is not big anymore, but a capacity of 250-300 beds for more effective and efficient. Hospitals should not be isolated but are in the midst of the community to the activities and relationships will be guaranteed.
How to medications used to wear in the hospital is the isolation and preservation (Custodial care), since 1910 has tried to leave care too tight to provide patients with greater freedom (no Restrain). Later in the year 1930 to start work therapy.
All the hospital and its facilities financed by the Dutch Government which eventually formed Krankzinnigenwezen het Dienstvan to take care of this. From private parties on the initiative of Van Wullffen Palthe established colonies in the Great Lenteng receive subsidies from the government.
Witte crotch Colonies a private business to accommodate the beggars in the area of Central Java, but also willing to accept the former mental patients who are calm, treated for free.
2. Period After Independence
Bringing a new chapter for the development of mental health efforts, the government of Indonesia in October 1947 to form the Bureau of Mental Illness Affairs, because there are physical revolution will not be able to work well. In 1950, the government of Indonesia to carry out assigned things that are important for the holding and promotion of mental health in Indonesia. This bureau shading under the Ministry of Health; and in 1958 turned into Affairs Mental Illness; 1960 became part of Mental Health, and in 1966 became the Directorate of Mental Health who until now headed by the Director or Head of Mental Health Mental Health Directorate.
Mental Health Directorate organizational structure to improve the Department, which turned into sub-Improvement (Promotion), sub-directorate and Recovery Services, Rehabilitation and sub-sub Program Development.
With the stipulation of UU Kesehatan No. 3 year 1966 by the government, it is more open to collect all the potential to gradually carry out the modernization of all system hospitals and mental health facilities in Indonesia. Mental Health Directorate held in collaboration with various government agencies and with the Faculty of Medicine, Internsional Agency, National and Regional Seminar on Asia and the national working meeting as well as regional. The existence of the reporting system development, arranged of PPDGJ I in 1973 and published in 1975 and the integration of health services at the health center.
Private parties were more concerned with mental health problems, especially in big cities. In Jakarta, and in Yogyakarta and Surabaya as well as several other cities established mental health sanitarium. RSU of government and military hospitals provide beds for mental patients and to establish the psychiatric, as well as private hospitals such as St.. Carolus in Jakarta, RS Mount Mary (Minahasa). In Jakarta and Surabaya have established Community Mental Health Center.
Method of treatment the patient has many mental disorders has progressed from age to age. This evolution reflects the change in basic philosophy and theory of treatment.
Early History
Mental disorders is still considered a curable disease and not related to sin or evil, so that sometimes even the treatment is carried out a brutal and inhuman (Maramis, 1990).
Medieval
People who experience mental illness in prisons is usually / locked up by her family. They even removed and allowed to live on the streets by begging. But after a few religious groups that contribute, the patient began to be distributed to hospitals, hospital (Stuart Sundeen, 1998).
Century 15 to 17
His condition is still worrying. Male patients and female together. They get clothes and food that is not feasible, often chained, locked up and away from the sun (Connolly, 1968; cited by Antai Otong, 1994).
Century 18
Occurrence of the French and American revolutions that inspire the public for freedom and fair treatment for all.
Century 19
Established the first psychiatric hospital, McLean Asylum in Massachusetts that provide humane treatment for people with mental disorders (Stuart Sundeen, 1998).
Century 20
Referred to as the era of medical psychiatry began digging in a mental basis and clinical sciences, such as Adolph Meyer (1866-1950) with the theory psikobiologi; Clifford Beers (1876-1943) who wrote an article about the neonatal intensive care; Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) classification problems with his soul; Eugene Bleuler (1857-1939) who invented the term schizophrenia; Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) who developed the theory of psychoanalysis, psychosexual and neurosis; Carl Gustav Jung (1857-1961), Karen Horney (1885-1952), and Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949) with the interpersonal theory.
Growing mental health in World War II because of their approach to public health service method service. Consequently, the role of the nurse soul also changed from a supporting role to an active role in the health care team, to treat people with mental disorders. At present, treatment of mental patients is more focused on community basis. This is in accordance with the results of the National Conference on Mental Nursing I Idonesia (October, 2004), that the treatment will be more focused on preventive measures.
Some journals suggest that preventive action is essential.
Chillhood Maltreatment (phisycal abuse, sexual abuse, exposure to abuse) are obtained when the little one turned out to make an impact and cause of vulnerability experienced a mental disorder. Of 8000 respondents, 14% claimed to have experienced one of the three types, and 34% said having more than one type of (American Journals of Psychiatry, volume 160, August 2003).
Women with depression at age 18-21 years old, have a tendency obese compared with not experiencing. But in general, they are both men and women who were depressed at age 11-15 years, so he has a tendency to have higher obesity during his adult (Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vol. 157, August 2003) .
Of the respondents aged 26 years, more than half have mental health problems predicted with mental disorders that may be suffered when he was 15 years (Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 60, July 2003).
Pharmacological therapy and psychotherapy are given simultaneously in low-income women (low income) people with depression, it can lower levels of depression. Reported that those who only received pharmacological therapy alone, showed decreased levels of depression and also home improvement work activities or work. While those who only received psychotherapy alone, also experienced a decrease in depression levels but did not experience an increase in the home or work activities (Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 290, July 2003).
A child with parents who have mental disorders, so he has a tendency to experience a mental disorder at the time also his Adolescent (Pediatrics, Vol. 112, August 2003).
Reference
Yosep, Iyus. S.Kp., M.Si. 2009. Keperawatan Jiwa Edisi Revisi. Bandung: Refika Aditama
In Indonesia has always been known as a mental disorder, for example in the story and the Ramayana Mahabrata known of "Srikandi Edan", "Gatotkaca Gandrung" . How people with mental disorders are treated in ancient times in Indonesia is not clearly known. When several actions against mental patients is now considered a legacy from our ancestors, we can imagine how little would be at least part of the number of people with mental disorders were treated in ancient times. The action in question is put in the stocks, chained, or tied and then placed itself at home or in the woods (if the nature of severe disruption and endanger his soul). If not dangerous, let loose in the village looking for food and a public spectacle, sometimes even treated as a sick man, Mbah wali or medium (an intermediary between spirits and humans).
1. Colonial Era
Before Psychiatric Hospital in Indonesia, the mental disorder accommodated in civilian hospitals or military hospitals in Jakarta, Semarang, and Surabaya. Which accommodated most severe mental patients. It turned out that the hospital provided was not enough. In 1862 the Dutch East Indies government held a census of people with mental disorders in P. Java and Madura outcome approximately 600 people with mental disorders in P. Java and Madura, another 200 people in other areas. Such circumstances to the authorities at that time there was enough reason to build a Psychiatric Hospital. So on 1 July 1882, built the first mental hospital in Bogor, and then successive asylum Lawang (23 June 1902), RSJ Magelang (1923), and asylum Sabang (1927). This hospital is classified as asylum, including large hospitals and accommodate people with chronic mental disorders that require long treatment.
Dutch East Indies government recognize 4 types of psychiatric care :
Psychiatric Hospital (kranzinnigengestichten)
In Bogor, Magelang, and Sabang, asylum and hold full, so the accumulation of patients in the hospital while, the prisoners while the police and prisons. Then constructed "annexinrichtingen" at the Psychiatric Hospital as the existing Semplak (Bogor) in 1931 and pasuruan (near Lawang) in 1932.
While RS (Doorgangshuizen)
Temporary shelters for an acute psychotic patients, discharged after recovery, the need for longer treatment sent to the Psychiatric Hospital which was established in Jakarta, Semarang, Surabaya, Medan, Makassar, Palembang, Bali, Padang, Banjarmasin and Manado.
Care homes (veerplegtehuiizen)
Serves as a Psychiatric Hospital, but headed by a registered nurse under the supervision of a general practitioner.
Colonies
The relocation of psychiatric patients had calmed down, patients can work in agriculture and the population living in the house, given the host kos money, and still be under surveillance.
Such houses are built far from the city and the general public. Treatment is the isolation and preservation (Custodial care). Basic theory (which now no longer held):
a) Patients should be out of the house and the environment that caused him pain, and therefore must be treated in a quiet place so familiar with the hospital atmosphere.
b) Avoiding the stigma (which is not good seal)
Today, the government has only 1 type of psychiatric hospital which the government hospital, for junior fashion simplify and strengthen the organizational structure and simultaneously remove the discrimination orientation services.
There is also a trend to build a hospital that is not big anymore, but a capacity of 250-300 beds for more effective and efficient. Hospitals should not be isolated but are in the midst of the community to the activities and relationships will be guaranteed.
How to medications used to wear in the hospital is the isolation and preservation (Custodial care), since 1910 has tried to leave care too tight to provide patients with greater freedom (no Restrain). Later in the year 1930 to start work therapy.
All the hospital and its facilities financed by the Dutch Government which eventually formed Krankzinnigenwezen het Dienstvan to take care of this. From private parties on the initiative of Van Wullffen Palthe established colonies in the Great Lenteng receive subsidies from the government.
Witte crotch Colonies a private business to accommodate the beggars in the area of Central Java, but also willing to accept the former mental patients who are calm, treated for free.
2. Period After Independence
Bringing a new chapter for the development of mental health efforts, the government of Indonesia in October 1947 to form the Bureau of Mental Illness Affairs, because there are physical revolution will not be able to work well. In 1950, the government of Indonesia to carry out assigned things that are important for the holding and promotion of mental health in Indonesia. This bureau shading under the Ministry of Health; and in 1958 turned into Affairs Mental Illness; 1960 became part of Mental Health, and in 1966 became the Directorate of Mental Health who until now headed by the Director or Head of Mental Health Mental Health Directorate.
Mental Health Directorate organizational structure to improve the Department, which turned into sub-Improvement (Promotion), sub-directorate and Recovery Services, Rehabilitation and sub-sub Program Development.
With the stipulation of UU Kesehatan No. 3 year 1966 by the government, it is more open to collect all the potential to gradually carry out the modernization of all system hospitals and mental health facilities in Indonesia. Mental Health Directorate held in collaboration with various government agencies and with the Faculty of Medicine, Internsional Agency, National and Regional Seminar on Asia and the national working meeting as well as regional. The existence of the reporting system development, arranged of PPDGJ I in 1973 and published in 1975 and the integration of health services at the health center.
Private parties were more concerned with mental health problems, especially in big cities. In Jakarta, and in Yogyakarta and Surabaya as well as several other cities established mental health sanitarium. RSU of government and military hospitals provide beds for mental patients and to establish the psychiatric, as well as private hospitals such as St.. Carolus in Jakarta, RS Mount Mary (Minahasa). In Jakarta and Surabaya have established Community Mental Health Center.
Method of treatment the patient has many mental disorders has progressed from age to age. This evolution reflects the change in basic philosophy and theory of treatment.
Early History
Mental disorders is still considered a curable disease and not related to sin or evil, so that sometimes even the treatment is carried out a brutal and inhuman (Maramis, 1990).
Medieval
People who experience mental illness in prisons is usually / locked up by her family. They even removed and allowed to live on the streets by begging. But after a few religious groups that contribute, the patient began to be distributed to hospitals, hospital (Stuart Sundeen, 1998).
Century 15 to 17
His condition is still worrying. Male patients and female together. They get clothes and food that is not feasible, often chained, locked up and away from the sun (Connolly, 1968; cited by Antai Otong, 1994).
Century 18
Occurrence of the French and American revolutions that inspire the public for freedom and fair treatment for all.
Century 19
Established the first psychiatric hospital, McLean Asylum in Massachusetts that provide humane treatment for people with mental disorders (Stuart Sundeen, 1998).
Century 20
Referred to as the era of medical psychiatry began digging in a mental basis and clinical sciences, such as Adolph Meyer (1866-1950) with the theory psikobiologi; Clifford Beers (1876-1943) who wrote an article about the neonatal intensive care; Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) classification problems with his soul; Eugene Bleuler (1857-1939) who invented the term schizophrenia; Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) who developed the theory of psychoanalysis, psychosexual and neurosis; Carl Gustav Jung (1857-1961), Karen Horney (1885-1952), and Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949) with the interpersonal theory.
Growing mental health in World War II because of their approach to public health service method service. Consequently, the role of the nurse soul also changed from a supporting role to an active role in the health care team, to treat people with mental disorders. At present, treatment of mental patients is more focused on community basis. This is in accordance with the results of the National Conference on Mental Nursing I Idonesia (October, 2004), that the treatment will be more focused on preventive measures.
Some journals suggest that preventive action is essential.
Chillhood Maltreatment (phisycal abuse, sexual abuse, exposure to abuse) are obtained when the little one turned out to make an impact and cause of vulnerability experienced a mental disorder. Of 8000 respondents, 14% claimed to have experienced one of the three types, and 34% said having more than one type of (American Journals of Psychiatry, volume 160, August 2003).
Women with depression at age 18-21 years old, have a tendency obese compared with not experiencing. But in general, they are both men and women who were depressed at age 11-15 years, so he has a tendency to have higher obesity during his adult (Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vol. 157, August 2003) .
Of the respondents aged 26 years, more than half have mental health problems predicted with mental disorders that may be suffered when he was 15 years (Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 60, July 2003).
Pharmacological therapy and psychotherapy are given simultaneously in low-income women (low income) people with depression, it can lower levels of depression. Reported that those who only received pharmacological therapy alone, showed decreased levels of depression and also home improvement work activities or work. While those who only received psychotherapy alone, also experienced a decrease in depression levels but did not experience an increase in the home or work activities (Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 290, July 2003).
A child with parents who have mental disorders, so he has a tendency to experience a mental disorder at the time also his Adolescent (Pediatrics, Vol. 112, August 2003).
Reference
Yosep, Iyus. S.Kp., M.Si. 2009. Keperawatan Jiwa Edisi Revisi. Bandung: Refika Aditama
